Abstract

A supermassive black hole ejected from the center of a galaxy by gravitational wave recoil carries a retinue of bound stars – a “hypercompact stellar system” (HCSS). The numbers and properties of HCSSs contain information about the merger histories of galaxies, the late evolution of binary black holes, and the distribution of gravitational-wave kicks. We relate the structural properties (size, mass, density profile) of HCSSs to the properties of their host galaxies and to the size of the kick, in two regimes: collisional (MBH∼ < 107M⊙), i.e. short nuclear relaxation times; and collisionless (MBH∼ > 107M⊙), i.e. long nuclear relaxtion times. HCSSs are expected to be similar in size and luminosity to globular clusters but in extreme cases (large galaxies, moderate kicks) their stellar mass can approach that of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies. However they differ from all other classes of compact stellar system in having very high internal velocities. We show that the kick velocity is encoded in the velocity dispersion of the bound stars. Given a large enough sample of HCSSs, the distribution of gravitational wave kicks can therefore be empirically determined. We combine a hierarchical merger algorithm with stellar population models to compute the rate of production of HCSSs over time and the probability of observing HCSSs in the local universe as a function of their apparent magnitude, color, size and velocity dispersion, under two assumptions about the star formation history prior to the kick. We predict that ∼ 102 HCSSs should be detectable within 2 Mpc of the center of the Virgo cluster and that many of these should be bright enough that their kick velocities (i.e. velocity dispersions) could be measured with reasonable exposure times. We discuss other strategies for detecting HCSSs and speculate on some exotic manifestations.

Publication Date

6-25-2009

Comments

This is the pre-print of an article published by the American Astronomical Society. The final, published version is available here: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/699/2/1690

© 2009 The American Astronomical Society.

Archived in: arXiv:0809.5046 v2 6 Oct 2008

Note: imported from RIT’s Digital Media Library running on DSpace to RIT Scholar Works in February 2014.

Document Type

Article

Department, Program, or Center

School of Physics and Astronomy (COS)

Campus

RIT – Main Campus

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